Jun 3, 2022 · RUST HOW TO BOOST FPS and DRAMATICALLY Improve and Optimise Game Performance - Fix LAG - Fix FPS Drops - Fix Stutters! This Guide will show you how to set Th... *Nvidia game filter is now unavailable for the game after the Devs removed support for it*Some of the best in game settings for increased FPS in RUST.LAUNCH ...Mar 5, 2017 · mr. pavuk Mar 18, 2017 @ 7:20am. Yes the Borderless fullscreen causes input lag and decreases fps and it is confirmed by facepunch. You can put "-window-mode exclusive" in launch options but if you Alt-Tab your Rust will freeze, and you have to quit rust through Task Manager (using Arrow keys, Tab and Delete, good luck) They fixed "-window-mode ... Feb 10, 2023 · This section takes a close look at the graphical options in Rust, and their effects on the game’s performance. The ‘performance impact’ in each subsection below is the measured difference in average FPS between playing the game with all settings at their highest and turning only the setting in question down to the lowest (or off) while leaving all others untouched. Mar 5, 2017 · mr. pavuk Mar 18, 2017 @ 7:20am. Yes the Borderless fullscreen causes input lag and decreases fps and it is confirmed by facepunch. You can put "-window-mode exclusive" in launch options but if you Alt-Tab your Rust will freeze, and you have to quit rust through Task Manager (using Arrow keys, Tab and Delete, good luck) They fixed "-window-mode ... RUST HOW TO BOOST FPS and DRAMATICALLY Improve and Optimise Game Performance - Fix LAG - Fix FPS Drops - Fix Stutters! This Guide will show you how to set Th...Step 2 – Graphics Optimizations to increase fps. This section of the guide will focus entirely on your graphics card. From optimizing the graphics card settings for NVIDIA and AMD graphics cards, uninstalling and then reinstalling the graphics driver, making sure everything works as it should, and ensuring that the graphics card is on MSI Mode to ensure the best performance and frame rate in ...Jul 14, 2021 · Now start Rust and change settings. I have a high pc 6651x3741 with 144 Hz. I recommend 144 Hz for playing Rust. My fps is between 80 and 110. That depends on the server and network. Settings for high PC, with 144 Hz or higher. Options--> Field of view 90.0 --> Compass Visibility On --> FPS counter Basic --> Rich Persence On --> Max Gibs 0 This is a simple tutorial on how to improve your FPS on RUST. This guide will help you to optimize your game.This video will teach you guys how to optimize R...To set launch options for a game in your Library, follow the instructions below: First, open the Steam client on your computer. After that, navigate to the Steam Library. There, right-click on the game you wish to configure and choose Properties from the drop-down menu. Navigating to Game Properties.Right-click the game. 3. Click on properties. 4. Under the tab General, go to 「Set Launch Options」. Type in one of the 3 lines, try on your own which works best for you! -force-d3d11-no-singlethreaded -force-driver-type-warp -force-gfx-direct. Note for -force-driver-type-warp: This for some cause menu lag 1FPS - for me doesn't, try out on ...Jun 3, 2022 · RUST HOW TO BOOST FPS and DRAMATICALLY Improve and Optimise Game Performance - Fix LAG - Fix FPS Drops - Fix Stutters! This Guide will show you how to set Th... After getting a new, better PC about a week ago my Rust FPS has surprisingly dropped and consistently stays between 50-70, depending on settings. The game does't seem to utilise any of the hardware well, it never uses more than 40 percent CPU or GPU, and never more than 8 GB RAM. I tried all the launch options from forums, obviously disabled the fps limit in game, but nothing seems to work.To get started, right-click your taskbar to open up the Task Manager. From there, navigate to the Processes tab and right-click the Rust process. Select "Go to details" to access the Details tab, where the game's application is highlighted. To increase the game's priority, right-click on the process and select "Set Priority" and choose "High".Jun 3, 2022 · RUST HOW TO BOOST FPS and DRAMATICALLY Improve and Optimise Game Performance - Fix LAG - Fix FPS Drops - Fix Stutters! This Guide will show you how to set Th... BIG CHANGES TO CPUS FOLLOW MY TWITTER FOR UPDATES!!!5800x3d is a beast. 7950x3d or 13900k will be the best Rust CPUs of 2023.I tried to collect everything yo... Best Launch Options For Rust. Launch Options play a vital role in improving our Best Rust Settings. Usually, lots of players debate over the use of launch options in Rust, as most suggest they do not work anymore and compatibility is a serious problem. We acknowledged this but still went above and beyond to test the game. As per our benchmarks ...Jan 2, 2023 · This is a simple tutorial on how to improve your FPS on RUST. This guide will help you to optimize your game.This video will teach you guys how to optimize R... Mar 11, 2017 · For those that don't know, here are useful launch parameters for running the game properly. Also, some other useful things. Use this parameter to allocate more RAM to the gamae. Fixes some crashing. -maxMem=8192 (For anyone with 8GB OR MORE) -maxMem=6144 (For 6GB users) -maxMem=4096 (For 4GB users) increments of 1024 per GB to a maximum of 8192. January 8, 2021. By Mack Ashworth. Hunting down the best graphics settings for Rust on PC in 2021 can be tricky, as there are just so many different options to tweak. Thankfully, GameRevolution is ...Launch Option Description +fps_max 0: Allows for unlimited FPS, maximizing your hardware’s potential.-high: Prioritize the game’s process on your computer.-nojoy: Disables joystick support, saving RAM. +cl_forcepreload 1: Forces CS:GO to preload models, sounds, and other files to save resources. +r_drawparticles 0FalleN's course on In Game Leadership out now!https://www.proguides.com/csgoytDESCRIPTION: In today's video we're talking about launch options, and which one...Go to Steam library > right click Rust > manage > browse local files. When there open the folder called cfg. Once you are in the cfg folder, put the fps.cfg file that you downloaded into this folder. To use the cfg file, load up rust, open the console (F1 by default) and type "exec fps.cfg" (without the "" marks).How to DOUBLE your FPS in Rust New July Update (2023) ️RUST FPS increase guide, rust more fps, fix lag and stutter ️ better fps, boost fps within the NEW Ru...Jan 2, 2023 · This is a simple tutorial on how to improve your FPS on RUST. This guide will help you to optimize your game.This video will teach you guys how to optimize R... Lag opening up inventory. I have a ryzen 5 2600, gtx 1070 and 16GB of RAM. I get times where i get a full second of lag when i open up inventory. I did the rust fps guide, did the gc.buffer commands, lowered settings, still cant find out why i get this 1-2 seconds of lag. If anyone could help id love you, long time.NVIDIA Control Panel settings. Go into your NVIDIA Control Panel,click "Manage 3D Settings" and in the windows that pops up click "Program Settings" and search for "RUST (rustclient.exe)" In the settings,do the following: Maximum pre-rendered frames 1. Multi-display/mixed-GPU acceleration Single display performance mode. Jun 3, 2022 · RUST HOW TO BOOST FPS and DRAMATICALLY Improve and Optimise Game Performance - Fix LAG - Fix FPS Drops - Fix Stutters! This Guide will show you how to set Th... Rust console commands and launch options : r/playrust. by flamesPRO. You can find all the possible launch option from a post on a forum in 2016 but it very outdated and incorrect does anyone want to show me the new 2020 possible launch options and maybe console ands for fps boost... Thank you. 1.credits to Massacre#3831 & ^vincent#0001 for finding thispool.clear_assets // pool.clear_memory // pool.clear_prefabs I'll list the fixes i've tried and my pc specs. Fixes: - Graphics settings through Nvidia Settings and Rust settings (currently at 0 quality, it looks so bad i wish i could run it better. - Updates, file checks and other stuff related to it. - Pc settings, health status check. - Steam launch options for Rust (Gc.collect at 2048) A Rust (RUST) Config Script in the Other/Misc category, submitted by chipERINO! ... RUST FPS BOOST CONFIG - A Config Script for Rust. Rust Scripts Other/Misc RUST FPS ...Mar 9, 2023 · Settings For FPS Boost in Rust. Lowering graphics will of course give you more fps you can play around with the graphics settings and see what gives you good fps. These are the settings I use Please keep in mind I’m using a high end PC with good specs. Rust Launch Options For FPS. Now there is Launch options that you can use to help you get ... How to DOUBLE your FPS in Rust (2023) ️RUST FPS increase guide, rust more fps, fix lag and stutter ️ better fps, boost fps within the NEW Rust 2023 For All ...Rust. - Advanced Settings Guide For Increased Fps - 2022. Right click on Ross within your steam library and go down to properties. Once within properties, you'll see something called "launch options." This is where you're able to edit settings within the game that might not necessarily be within the settings menu.BIG CHANGES TO CPUS FOLLOW MY TWITTER FOR UPDATES!!!5800x3d is a beast. 7950x3d or 13900k will be the best Rust CPUs of 2023.I tried to collect everything yo... Dec 17, 2022 · Rust has launch options you can add in Steam to essentially make the client 1. utilize more memory, 2. utilize multicore processors, and 3. force DX11 and some other ish. the one I run is this: -heapsize 27262976 -force-feature-level-11-0 -cpuCount=6 -exThreads=12 -force-d3d11-no-singlethreaded -gc.buffer 4096. yup. 8gb of ram is pretty dated at this point. Also, as you mentioned, there isnt some magical "optimization" they can do to make potatoes run the game smoothly. No amount of money spent by the devs will change the fact that rust requires a decent gaming pc to run properly...thats just asinine. #8.Open Task Manager by right-clicking an empty area on the taskbar and then clicking Task Manager, or by pressing Ctrl+Shift+Esc. Once open, click the tab that says Processes, then find the Rust application under that tab. Right click on the Rust.exe application and hover over Set Priority and click on High.Each command has a rating from 1 to 10. 1 being minimal, and 10 being maximum effect! Type in the line between each quotation mark. DO NOT INCLUDE THE QUOTATIONS. "global.fpslog 5"..... (this command simply shows you your FPS every 5 seconds. You can change the "5" to any positive number you wish.)How to add the launch settings: First, Right Click on your game : Now select Properties this windows should open : now click on set launch options and past the code just like this: That's it you are good to go. the 60 on the code is the hz you are forcing if you have a monitor with 75hz change the number to 75hz that should look like this ...Each command has a rating from 1 to 10. 1 being minimal, and 10 being maximum effect! Type in the line between each quotation mark. DO NOT INCLUDE THE QUOTATIONS. "global.fpslog 5"..... (this command simply shows you your FPS every 5 seconds. You can change the "5" to any positive number you wish.) Rust - BEST Settings To Increase FPS ( Ultimate FPS Guide 2022 ) June Update Right Click On RUST - Properties Copy Paste These In The Launch Options Launch ...Aug 30, 2023 · You can fix this RUST keeps crashing issue by following the method below: Launch Steam. On your Steam launcher, click “Library “. Right-click RUST in your Library, then click “Properties ... Aug 20, 2022 · Use these launch options when playing Rust: -window-mode exclusive -high -force-feature-level-11-0 -malloc=system -maxMem=14000 -cpuCount=6 -exThreads=12 For Nvidia settings, use global settings for Low Latency Mode, use maximum performance for Power Management Mode, disable Vertical Sync, and more. FalleN's course on In Game Leadership out now!https://www.proguides.com/csgoytDESCRIPTION: In today's video we're talking about launch options, and which one... Once Rust launches, hit the Windows logo key to minimize the game. Go to Task Manager>Details Tab> right-click on Rust> Set Affinity. Tick and enable all the options in the next window, as this will allow full CPU cores to the game. Set Launch Options in Steam to Fix Lag Stuttering in Rust. Go to Properties by right-clicking Rust in your Steam ...May 19, 2023 · Step 1 – Optimize Startup apps and processes. You may have many apps and background windows services running that you don’t use at all, consuming valuable resources such as Ram, CPU, and sometimes even GPU. This can cause you to have fewer resources to run Rust and decrease the overall performance and frame rate. BEST Rust Settings For February 2022 Update - Boost FPS Increase Performance For Any PC\\\\\...Something like an RX 470 or GTX 960 should be able to easily hit 60 fps in this game with relatively-low settings. Playing Rust with a PC below Minimum-Spec requirements The following is general advice for those who want better performance specifically on lower-end PC's:Not sure which thing did it but I have a GTX 750 Ti and I was getting 20 fps. Now after doing the launch settings, downloading the DXSETUP, and doing some of the other things from the video I get 80+ fps. :)) Thank you! Here is how one can go about setting their favorite CS:GO launch options, Open ‘Steam’. Go to ‘Library’. Right-click on the ‘CS:GO’ game title and select ‘Properties’. Within the ‘Properties’ window pop-up, go to ‘General’. Under the ‘General’ tab click on ‘Set Launch Options’.Apr 9, 2016 · Another thing that may help to improve your FPS is setting the priority to high on the Tower Unite Process, to do this Press CTRL + SHIFT + ESC (task manager shortcut on all versions of windows) then right click on tower unite, on version of windows that are windows 7 or below, simply click on priority and select high, on windows 8/8.1/10 go to details and then the process will be highlighted ... Jun 3, 2022 · RUST HOW TO BOOST FPS and DRAMATICALLY Improve and Optimise Game Performance - Fix LAG - Fix FPS Drops - Fix Stutters! This Guide will show you how to set Th... Settings For FPS Boost in Rust. Lowering graphics will of course give you more fps you can play around with the graphics settings and see what gives you good fps. These are the settings I use Please keep in mind I’m using a high end PC with good specs. Rust Launch Options For FPS. Now there is Launch options that you can use to help you get ...BIG CHANGES TO CPUS FOLLOW MY TWITTER FOR UPDATES!!!5800x3d is a beast. 7950x3d or 13900k will be the best Rust CPUs of 2023.I tried to collect everything yo... 5.Install Rust on a SSD or on your main Partiton (Verry Important) 6.Download and Paste this CFG! on your rust CFG Folder, game might start with some settings on high if so put them on low, don't forget to check that ingame. 7.Open Steam and copy this line in your rust set launch options:Aug 20, 2022 · Use these launch options when playing Rust: -window-mode exclusive -high -force-feature-level-11-0 -malloc=system -maxMem=14000 -cpuCount=6 -exThreads=12 For Nvidia settings, use global settings for Low Latency Mode, use maximum performance for Power Management Mode, disable Vertical Sync, and more. Use these launch options when playing Rust: -window-mode exclusive -high -force-feature-level-11-0 -malloc=system -maxMem=14000 -cpuCount=6 -exThreads=12 For Nvidia settings, use global settings for Low Latency Mode, use maximum performance for Power Management Mode, disable Vertical Sync, and more.Mar 11, 2017 · For those that don't know, here are useful launch parameters for running the game properly. Also, some other useful things. Use this parameter to allocate more RAM to the gamae. Fixes some crashing. -maxMem=8192 (For anyone with 8GB OR MORE) -maxMem=6144 (For 6GB users) -maxMem=4096 (For 4GB users) increments of 1024 per GB to a maximum of 8192. 5) Right-click Rust and select Set Affinity. 6) Check all the boxes available and click OK. 7) Relaunch your game to see if this worked for you. If the Rust crashing issue still happens, don’t fret, try the fix below. Fix 8: Set Rust Launch Options. Improper internal settings for Rust can also lead to game crash issues.In Section 2, we provide four balanced example builds geared toward providing enough power to run Rust at 60 FPS with different resolutions (1080p, 1440p, and 4K). Finally, in Section 3, we have put together a Rust graphics settings guide that will tell you what each graphics option does, and how much each of them impacts the FPS of the game.Jan 26, 2019 · First of all, rust is known for its infamous frame drops. Best I can suggest is lower settings in the actual launcher, set your refreshrate to the highest in your AMD settings, make sure your moniter is actually a 144 hz moniter. Otherwise I have great pc, but on servers it still stutters. #1. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...This is a simple tutorial on how to improve your FPS on RUST. This guide will help you to optimize your game.This video will teach you guys how to optimize R...Step 2 – Graphics Optimizations to increase fps. This section of the guide will focus entirely on your graphics card. From optimizing the graphics card settings for NVIDIA and AMD graphics cards, uninstalling and then reinstalling the graphics driver, making sure everything works as it should, and ensuring that the graphics card is on MSI Mode to ensure the best performance and frame rate in ...Apr 26, 2017 · Right click on your desktop background. Click "NVIDIA Control Panel". Click "Change Resolution". On the bottom left click "Customize". Adjust it to what you want, however it must be the same as when you start rust. (1440x1080 recommended) AMD. Right click on your desktop background. Click "AMD Catalyst Control Center". mr. pavuk Mar 18, 2017 @ 7:20am. Yes the Borderless fullscreen causes input lag and decreases fps and it is confirmed by facepunch. You can put "-window-mode exclusive" in launch options but if you Alt-Tab your Rust will freeze, and you have to quit rust through Task Manager (using Arrow keys, Tab and Delete, good luck) They fixed "-window-mode ...Feb 22, 2022 · Launch Rust on your PC. Press Windows logo to minimize the game. Press the Ctrl + Shift + Esc keys to run Task Manager. 4) Click the Details tab. 5) Right-click Rust and select Set Affinity. 6) Check all the boxes available and click OK. Now relaunch the game to see if this worked for you or not. This is a simple tutorial on how to improve your FPS on RUST in 2022. This guide will help you to optimize your game.This video will teach you guys how to op...Hello, my set launch options doesn't work and I know why. Because when you launch Rust, there is a configuration window. Other games like CS:GO or DOTA 2 set launch options works, because those games don't have a configuration window. How can I skip the configuration window? I can't find a launch option that skips the config dialog. Nov 4, 2019 · yup. 8gb of ram is pretty dated at this point. Also, as you mentioned, there isnt some magical "optimization" they can do to make potatoes run the game smoothly. No amount of money spent by the devs will change the fact that rust requires a decent gaming pc to run properly...thats just asinine. #8. Jul 3, 2023 · Follow these steps: open Steam and right-click on CS2 in your library. Then select Properties, click Set Launch Options and adjust the settings accordingly. We recommend using +fps_max 0, -novid,-tickrate 128, -nojoy, -high plus +cl_forcepreload 1 to ensure a smooth gaming experience without any technical issues hindering your play. Mar 11, 2017 · For those that don't know, here are useful launch parameters for running the game properly. Also, some other useful things. Use this parameter to allocate more RAM to the gamae. Fixes some crashing. -maxMem=8192 (For anyone with 8GB OR MORE) -maxMem=6144 (For 6GB users) -maxMem=4096 (For 4GB users) increments of 1024 per GB to a maximum of 8192. Jul 27, 2023 · Once Rust is open, you can see the service show up on the Task Manager. You will also be able to see how much RAM your Rust game consumes on your computer. Right-click the Rust service on your Task Manager and hover over “Set Priority”. Choose “Above normal” or “high” to increase the RAM allocation on Rust. Rust | How To Increase FPS and Reduce Input Lag (Ultimate Rust FPS Increase Guide of 2021) *WORKING* Aaron McGuirk 1.68K subscribers 88K views 2 years ago I hope you guys enjoyed my Rust...Once Rust launches, hit the Windows logo key to minimize the game. Go to Task Manager>Details Tab> right-click on Rust> Set Affinity. Tick and enable all the options in the next window, as this will allow full CPU cores to the game. Set Launch Options in Steam to Fix Lag Stuttering in Rust. Go to Properties by right-clicking Rust in your Steam ...In your steam library you can set launch options for every game by right-clicking on it -> properties. There you can use the heapsize command to limit the cache to the game. It really helped me for rust since it was slowing my pc down. Here is what you have to type in: 1 GB Cache: -heapsize 1048576. 2 GB Cache: -heapsize 2097152.Not sure which thing did it but I have a GTX 750 Ti and I was getting 20 fps. Now after doing the launch settings, downloading the DXSETUP, and doing some of the other things from the video I get 80+ fps. :)) Thank you! Right click on your desktop background. Click "NVIDIA Control Panel". Click "Change Resolution". On the bottom left click "Customize". Adjust it to what you want, however it must be the same as when you start rust. (1440x1080 recommended) AMD. Right click on your desktop background. Click "AMD Catalyst Control Center".A Rust (RUST) Config Script in the Other/Misc category, submitted by chipERINO! ... RUST FPS BOOST CONFIG - A Config Script for Rust. Rust Scripts Other/Misc RUST FPS ...
Feb 8, 2022 · Increase FPS in RUST BEST SETTINGS ARCTIC UPDATE 2022 🆕 Today’s video is supported by Skinport – The best marketplace to buy and sell your CS:GO Skins quic... . The closest u haul place
FPS capped to 90fps. CPU usage 60% max on the highest core. Since the 6700k has better single core performance than the 3970x, it seems like unity is limited by the CPU, but CPU usage sits in the 50's on the highest core. Tested to play with resolution timer, keep spotify in brackground, update driver, reinstall game on both computers, etc...SUBSCRIBE TO MY GAMING CHANNEL!https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtlEBZ-6A9bcawGh9QOkX9QWelcome to The Tech Space! Please Subscribe!Twitter: https://twitte...A Rust (RUST) Config Script in the Other/Misc category, submitted by chipERINO! ... RUST FPS BOOST CONFIG - A Config Script for Rust. Rust Scripts Other/Misc RUST FPS ...#rust #shorts #newrecoilDM me on discord for any questions!!! TR3NCH#3303JOIN FOR MY SETTINGS: https://discord.gg/jy98QNqCEY*I do not own any music played th...Jul 3, 2023 · Follow these steps: open Steam and right-click on CS2 in your library. Then select Properties, click Set Launch Options and adjust the settings accordingly. We recommend using +fps_max 0, -novid,-tickrate 128, -nojoy, -high plus +cl_forcepreload 1 to ensure a smooth gaming experience without any technical issues hindering your play. Not sure which thing did it but I have a GTX 750 Ti and I was getting 20 fps. Now after doing the launch settings, downloading the DXSETUP, and doing some of the other things from the video I get 80+ fps. :)) Thank you!Welcome to my Rust FPS BOOST guide. 1. Steam shortcut command: -no-browser +open steam://open/minigameslist This will prevent Steamwebhelper processes to start. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Right click Rust in your Steam Library 2.Not sure which thing did it but I have a GTX 750 Ti and I was getting 20 fps. Now after doing the launch settings, downloading the DXSETUP, and doing some of the other things from the video I get 80+ fps. :)) Thank you! Feb 10, 2023 · This section takes a close look at the graphical options in Rust, and their effects on the game’s performance. The ‘performance impact’ in each subsection below is the measured difference in average FPS between playing the game with all settings at their highest and turning only the setting in question down to the lowest (or off) while leaving all others untouched. Feb 3, 2020 · This is an ultimate guide to boost the optimal FPS in Rust (Video Game). LAUNCH OPTIONS FOR STEAM: -nolog -high -maxMem=14000 -malloc=system -cpuCount= -exThreads= -force-d3d11-no-si... Ty. in game console commands will probably net you a lot more fps boost than launch commands...in your in game console type "find ." and it will return all console commands with a . in them...just read through the list and look for some that sounds like they may help you out...most dont have a description but just the command alone should give ...credits to Massacre#3831 & ^vincent#0001 for finding thispool.clear_assets // pool.clear_memory // pool.clear_prefabs Sherokan • 9 yr. ago. I'm not sure this particular command will work, but there might be a way to increase the threads rust is using. Or you can do it manually in the task manager, right click on the rust process and you will be able to change the priority of the process and the number of threads it's using.Not sure which thing did it but I have a GTX 750 Ti and I was getting 20 fps. Now after doing the launch settings, downloading the DXSETUP, and doing some of the other things from the video I get 80+ fps. :)) Thank you! May 3, 2022 · *Nvidia game filter is now unavailable for the game after the Devs removed support for it*Some of the best in game settings for increased FPS in RUST.LAUNCH ... List of Launch Options. -tickrate 128. sets the tick rate of any “Offline With Bots” games, or any servers that you host via your client to 128 (as opposed to 64). +fps_max 0. is actually a console command that you can use as a launch option. It removes the FPS cap that is enabled by default.A Rust (RUST) Config Script in the Other/Misc category, submitted by chipERINO! ... RUST FPS BOOST CONFIG - A Config Script for Rust. Rust Scripts Other/Misc RUST FPS ... Apr 12, 2017 · In this guide i'll explain how to get more FPS. Note: the most of the following methods were found by other players. I'm just collecting all the useful information in one guide. 1. LAUNCH OPTIONS. In the following field paste these launch options and click OK: -USEALLAVAILABLECORES -sm4 -d3d10 -nomansky -lowmemory -high. Commands used in video: -novid+fps_max 0-tickrate 128/64-maxplayers_override 100More commands:https://help.steampowered.com/en/faqs/view/7d01-d2dd-d75e-2955Y... .